California Wildfires: A Holistic Systemic Risk Management Approach to Urban Resilience
Main Article Content
Abstract
The paper discusses the growing severity of wildfires in California, fueled by climate change and worsened by insufficient urban wildfire management. These wildfires lead to environmental damage, financial losses, psychological trauma, and fatalities. The intensifying wildfire seasons, driven by hotter and drier conditions, pose threats to ecosystems, human lives, property, and local economies. Traditional wildfire management has primarily focused on ecological and physical factors like fuel availability and fire behavior, often overlooking social dimensions that influence community resilience. This neglect disproportionately affects marginalized groups, who may lack the resources to effectively cope with wildfires. To address these challenges, the paper calls for comprehensive risk management frameworks, including early-warning systems, defensible spaces, controlled burns, and robust recovery plans, to enhance urban resilience and ensure sustainable disaster recovery. The paper also introduces Risk Mechanism Design (RMD) and the Risk Mechanism Theory Index (RMTI) as a unified methodology to address risk factors impacting societal balance. RMD emphasizes the role of socio-economic and environmental conditions in determining individual and population exposure to risks, advocating for the characterization and quantification of risks for vulnerable subgroups. RMTI enables cities and communities to rank risks based on their probability of occurrence relative to population density, measuring exposure, assessing impact intensity, and evaluating resilience levels. It considers the extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a given intensity in each area’s adaptability, susceptibility, and capacity to withstand detrimental impacts. By proactively addressing social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities, RMTI aims to create mechanisms that mitigate risks and promote societal stability and well-being. This approach combines quantitative analysis with actionable strategies to enhance resilience and reduce the adverse effects of wildfires and other risks.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Abrahams, J., Foster, H., & McColl, G. (2024). Disaster risk management frameworks. In Disaster Health Management (pp. 51-64). Routledge.
Abujder Ochoa, W. A., Iarozinski Neto, A., Vitorio Junior, P. C., Calabokis, O. P., & Ballesteros-Ballesteros, V. (2025). The theory of complexity and sustainable urban development: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 17(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Adediran, E. (2024, June 26). Complexity theory: Unraveling the fabric of intricacy. Unraveling the Fabric of Intricacy. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Arab, A., Khodaei, A., Eskandarpour, R., Thompson, M. P., & Wei, Y. (2021). Three lines of defense for wildfire risk management in electric power grids: A review. IEEE Access, 9, 61577–61593. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074180
Araibi, A. S., Dalef, H. H., Hussein, H. K., Ishak, M. S., & Rahim, M. R. (2024). Enhancing risk management: Leveraging the likelihood/severity matrix for effective risk assessment and mitigation in the electrical and electronic sector. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 20(3), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Arango, E., Jiménez, P., Nogal, M., Sousa, H. S., Stewart, M. G., & Matos, J. C. (2024). Enhancing infrastructure resilience in wildfire management to face extreme events: Insights from the Iberian Peninsula. Climate Risk Management, 44, 100595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2024.100595
Bacciu, V., Sirca, C., & Spano, D. (2022). Towards a systemic approach to fire risk management. Environmental Science & Policy, 129, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.012
Balch, J. K., Iglesias, V., Mahood, A. L., Cook, M. C., Amaral, C., DeCastro, A., ... & Kolden, C. A. (2024). The fastest-growing and most destructive fires in the US (2001 to 2020). Science, 386(6720), 425-431.
Bedeke, S. B. (2023). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation of crop producers in sub-Saharan Africa: a review on concepts, approaches and methods. Environment, development and sustainability, 25(2), 1017-1051.
Belcher, C. M., Brown, I., Clay, G. D., Doerr, S. H., Elliott, A., Gazzard, R., Kettridge, N., Morison, J., Perry, M., & Smith, T. E. (2021). UK wildfires and their climate challenges. Expert Led report prepared for the third climate change risk assessment.
Bendell, T. (2023). Time to rethink risk management: Surviving future global crises. World Scientific.
Björck, J., McNamee, M., Wahlqvist, J., Larson, M., & Inamdeen, F. (2024). A methodology for assessing multiple hazards applied to Sweden. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 114, 104934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104934
Bhagavathula, S., Brundiers, K., Stauffacher, M., & Kay, B. (2021). Fostering collaboration in city governments’ sustainability, emergency management, and resilience work through competency-based capacity building. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 63, 102408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102408
Calder, A. (2021). ISO 22301: 2019 and business continuity management–Understand how to plan, implement and enhance a business continuity management system (BCMS). IT Governance Publishing.
Calhoun, K. (2023). Mechanisms of resilience to megafire in Californian wildlife communities. University of California, Berkeley.
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. (2025). Current emergency incidents. Retrieved from https://www.fire.ca.gov/Incidents
Chas-Amil, M. L., Nogueira-Moure, E., Prestemon, J. P., & Touza, J. (2022). Spatial patterns of social vulnerability in relation to wildfire risk and wildland-urban interface presence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 228, 104577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104577
Cisneros, D., Richards, J., Dahal, A., Lombardo, L., & Huser, R. (2024). Deep graphical regression for jointly moderate and extreme Australian wildfires. Spatial Statistics, 100811.
Corrales-Estrada, A. M., Gómez-Santos, L. L., Bernal-Torres, C. A., & Rodriguez-López, J. E. (2021). Sustainability and resilience organizational capabilities to enhance business continuity management: A literature review. Sustainability, 13(15), 8196. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158196
Crask, J. (2024). Business continuity management: A practical guide to organization resilience and ISO 22301. Kogan Page Publishers.
De Abreu, S. J. (2021). Toward a holistic approach: Considerations for improved collaboration in wildfire management. Open Journal of Forestry, 12(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.121007
De Maio, F. V., De Stefano, R., Lanfranconi, C., Osmani, S., Fuggini, C., & Basso, P. (2024). Multi-hazard and risk informed system for enhanced local and regional disaster risk management.
Dong, C., Williams, A. P., Abatzoglou, J. T., Lin, K., Okin, G. S., Gillespie, T. W., Long, D., Lin, Y. H., Hall, A., & MacDonald, G. M. (2022). The season for large fires in Southern California is projected to lengthen in a changing climate. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00349-1
Dong, M. W. (2023). A critical analysis on complex urban systems and complex systems theory. Journal of Computing and Natural Science, 3(1), 024–034. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Essen, M., McCaffrey, S., Abrams, J., & Paveglio, T. (2023). Improving wildfire management outcomes: Shifting the paradigm of wildfire from simple to complex risk. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(5), 909–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2022.2053287
FRED Economic Data. (2023). Resident population in Los Angeles County.Accessed from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CALOSA7POP
Gonzalez-Mathiesen, C. (2024). Resilience to wildfires: Comparative insights of barriers and facilitators for spatial planning in Victoria and Chile. Cities, 154, 105389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105389
Gonzalez-Mathiesen, C., Ruane, S., & March, A. (2021). Integrating wildfire risk management and spatial planning–A historical review of two Australian planning systems. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 53, 101984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.101984
Gonzalez-Mathiesen, C., & March, A. (2018). Establishing design principles for wildfire-resilient urban planning. Planning Practice & Research, 33(2), 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2017.1407305
Gutierrez, A. A., Hantson, S., Langenbrunner, B., Chen, B., Jin, Y., Goulden, M. L., & Randerson, J. T. (2021). Wildfire response to changing daily temperature extremes in California’s Sierra Nevada. Science Advances, 7(47), eabe6417. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe6417
Haggag, M., Ezzeldin, M., El-Dakhakhni, W., & Hassini, E. (2022). Resilient cities critical infrastructure interdependence: A meta-research. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 7(4), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2021.1919754
James, G. L., Ansaf, R. B., Al Samahi, S. S., Parker, R. D., Cutler, J. M., Gachette, R. V., & Ansaf, B. I. (2023). An efficient wildfire detection system for AI-embedded applications using satellite imagery. Fire, 6(4), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6040169
Kalapodis, N., & Sakkas, G. (2024). Integrated fire management and closer to nature forest management at the landscape scale as a holistic approach to foster forest resilience to wildfires. Open Research Europe, 4(131), 131. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Kamyabniya, A., Sauré, A., Salman, F. S., Bénichou, N., & Patrick, J. (2024). Optimization models for disaster response operations: A literature review. OR Spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-024-00745-3
Kendell, A., Galloway, A., Milligan, C. (Eds.). (2023). The path of flames: Understanding and responding to fatal wildfires. CRC Press.
Kirschner, J. A., Clark, J., & Boustras, G. (2023). Governing wildfires: Toward a systematic analytical framework. Ecology and Society, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-14034-2802xx
Kogan, F. (2023). Remote sensing land surface changes: The 1981-2020 intensive global warming. Springer Nature.
Kovvuri, S., Chatterjee, P., Basumallik, S., & Srivastava, A. (2024). Wildfire-induced risk assessment to enable resilient and sustainable electric power grid. Energies, 17(2), 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020297
Krueger, E. S., Levi, M. R., Achieng, K. O., Bolten, J. D., Carlson, J. D., Coops, N. C., Holden, Z. A., Magi, B. I., Rigden, A. J., Ochsner, T. E., & others. (2022). Using soil moisture information to better understand and predict wildfire danger: A review of recent developments and outstanding questions. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF22056
Lambert, J. H., Dorn, R. R., Ayyub, B. M., Barletta, W. A., Organek, J. F., Piras, M., Gunn, M. E., & Zichichi, S. F. (2024). Wildfire risk mitigation through systems analysis of the planetary emergency. ASCE OPEN: Multidisciplinary Journal of Civil Engineering, 2(1), 04024010. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Lambrou, N., Kolden, C., Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Anjum, E., & Acey, C. (2023). Social drivers of vulnerability to wildfire disasters: A review of the literature. Landscape and Urban Planning, 237, 104797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104797
La Mela Veca, D. S., Piroli, E., Bacciu, V., Barbera, G., Brunori, A., Calvani, G., Delogu, G. M., Elia, M., La Mantia, T., Laschi, A., & Lovreglio, R. (2024). Governare gli incendi in Italia: Superare l’emergenza, pianificare la prevenzione. Forest@-Journal of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, 21(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Lawrance, E. L., Thompson, R., Newberry Le Vay, J., Page, L., & Jennings, N. (2022). The impact of climate change on mental health and emotional wellbeing: A narrative review of current evidence, and its implications. International Review of Psychiatry, 34(5), 443–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2022.2098695
Leal, O. J., Fekete, A., Eudave, R. R., Matos, J. C., Sousa, H., & Teixeira, E. R. (2024). A systematic review of integrated frameworks for resilience and sustainability assessments for critical infrastructures. Structural Engineering International, 34(2), 266–280. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Lemmens, S. M., Lopes van Balen, V. A., Röselaers, Y. C., Scheepers, H. C., & Spaanderman, M. E. (2022). The risk matrix approach: A helpful tool weighing probability and impact when deciding on preventive and diagnostic interventions. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07623-0
Luu, C., Forino, G., Yorke, L., Ha, H., Bui, Q. D., Tran, H. H., Nguyen, D. Q., Duong, H. C., & Kervyn, M. (2024). Integrating susceptibility maps of multiple hazards and building exposure distribution: A case study of wildfires and floods for the province of Quang Nam, Vietnam. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 24(12), 4385–4408. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Maezawa, Y., Hatakeyama, Y., Saito, M., & Hirota, T. (2014). Conservation of biodiversity by making use of ICT. FUJITSU Scientific & Technical Journal (FSTJ), 50(4), 44–51.
Mansoor, S., Farooq, I., Kachroo, M. M., Mahmoud, A. E., Fawzy, M., Popescu, S. M., Alyemeni, M. N., Sonne, C., Rinklebe, J., & Ahmad, P. (2022). Elevation in wildfire frequencies with respect to the climate change. Journal of Environmental Management, 301, 113769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113769
Marolla, C. (2018). Information and communication technology for sustainable development (pp. 186–187). CRC Press.
Marolla, C. (2016). Climate health risks in megacities: Sustainable management and strategic planning. CRC Press.
Marolla, C. (2018). Information and communication technology for sustainable development (pp. 181–185). CRC Press.
Marolla, C. (2018). Risk mechanism theory. Information and communication technology for sustainable development. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045230
Mastrandrea, M. D., Field, C. B., Stocker, T. F., Edenhofer, O., Ebi, K. L., Frame, D. J., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Mach, K. J., Matschoss, P. R., & Plattner, G. K. (2010). Guidance note for lead authors of the IPCC fifth assessment report on consistent treatment of uncertainties.
McEntire, D. A. (2021). Disaster response and recovery: Strategies and tactics for resilience. John Wiley & Sons.
McGinnis, S., Kessenich, L., Mearns, L., Cullen, A., Podschwit, H., & Bukovsky, M. (2023). Future regional increases in simultaneous large Western USA wildfires. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32(9), 1304–1314. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF22123
McKelvey, K. S., Block, W. M., Jain, T. B., Luce, C. H., Page-Dumroese, D. S., Richardson, B. A., Saab, V. A., Schoettle, A. W., Sieg, C. H., & Williams, D. R. (2021). Adapting research, management, and governance to confront socioecological uncertainties in novel ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 644696. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.644696
Miranda, A., Carrasco, J., González, M., Pais, C., Lara, A., Altamirano, A., Weintraub, A., & Syphard, A. D. (2020). Evidence-based mapping of the wildland-urban interface to better identify human communities threatened by wildfires. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 094069. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9a7d
Mizrak, K. C. (2024). Crisis management and risk mitigation: Strategies for effective response and resilience. In *Trends, Challenges, and Practices in Contemporary Strategic Management* (pp. 254-278).
Moya, J., & Goenechea, M. (2022). An approach to the unified conceptualization, definition, and characterization of social resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5746.
Nastos, P. T., Dalezios, N. R., Faraslis, I. N., Mitrakopoulos, K., Blanta, A., Spiliotopoulos, M., Sakellariou, S., Sidiropoulos, P., & Tarquis, A. M. (2021). Risk management framework of environmental hazards and extremes in Mediterranean ecosystems. *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21*(6), 1935-1954.
Noble, J. I., Kilag, O. K., & Viscara, C. (2023). Bridging academia and community: A holistic approach to disaster risk management. *Excellencia: International Multi-disciplinary Journal of Education, 1*(6), 36-45.
Palsa, E., Bauer, M., Evers, C., Hamilton, M., & Nielsen-Pincus, M. (2022). Engagement in local and collaborative wildfire risk mitigation planning across the western US—Evaluating participation and diversity in Community Wildfire Protection Plans. *PLoS ONE, 17*(2), e0263757.
Rahaman, M. A., Kalam, A., & Al-Mamun, M. (2023). Unplanned urbanization and health risks of Dhaka City in Bangladesh: Uncovering the associations between urban environment and public health. *Frontiers in Public Health, 11*, 1269362.
Richardson, D., Black, A. S., Irving, D., Matear, R. J., Monselesan, D. P., Risbey, J. S., Squire, D. T., & Tozer, C. R. (2022). Global increase in wildfire potential from compound fire weather and drought. *NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5*(1), 23.
Rivière, M., Lenglet, J., Noirault, A., Pimont, F., & Dupuy, J. L. (2023). Mapping territorial vulnerability to wildfires: A participative multi-criteria analysis. *Forest Ecology and Management, 539*, 121014.
Román, M. V., Azqueta, D., & Rodríguez, M. (2013). Methodological approach to assess the socio-economic vulnerability to wildfires in Spain. *Forest Ecology and Management, 294*, 158-165.
Rosenthal, A., Stover, E., & Haar, R. J. (2021). Health and social impacts of California wildfires and the deficiencies in current recovery resources: An exploratory qualitative study of systems-level issues. *PLoS ONE, 16*(3), e0248617.
RUFAT, S. (2024). Conceptual Models of Vulnerability or Vulnerabilities. Vulnerability, Territory, Population: From Critique to Public Policy, 25.
Russell, A., Fontana, N., Hoecker, T., Kamanu, A., Majumder, R., Stephens, J., Young, A. M., Cravens, A. E., Giardina, C., Hiers, K., & Littell, J. (2024). A fire-use decision model to improve the United States’ wildfire management and support climate change adaptation. *Cell Reports Sustainability, 1*(6).
Russo, M., Fischer, A. P., & Huber-Stearns, H. R. (2024). Wildfire narratives: Identifying and characterizing multiple understandings of western wildfire challenges. *Environmental Science & Policy, 160*, 103824.
Sakellariou, S., Sfougaris, A., Christopoulou, O., & Tampekis, S. (2022). Integrated wildfire risk assessment of natural and anthropogenic ecosystems based on simulation modeling and remotely sensed data fusion. *International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78*, 103129.
Salavati, G., Saniei, E., Ghaderpour, E., & Hassan, Q. K. (2022). Wildfire risk forecasting using weights of evidence and statistical index models. *Sustainability, 14*(7), 3881.
Sawalha, I. H. (2020). A contemporary perspective on the disaster management cycle. *Foresight, 22*(4), 469-482.
Sawalha, I. H. (2021). Views on business continuity and disaster recovery. *International Journal of Emergency Services, 10*(3), 351-365.
Senande-Rivera, M., Insua-Costa, D., & Miguez-Macho, G. (2022). Spatial and temporal expansion of global wildland fire activity in response to climate change. *Nature Communications, 13*(1), 1208.
Sirca, C., Casula, F., Bouillon, C., García, B. F., Ramiro, M. M., Molina, B. V., & Spano, D. (2017). A wildfire risk-oriented GIS tool for mapping rural-urban interfaces. *Environmental Modelling & Software, 94*, 36-47.
Simpson, N. P., Mach, K. J., Constable, A., Hess, J., Hogarth, R., Howden, M., Lawrence, J., Lempert, R. J., Muccione, V., Mackey, B., New, M. G. (2021). A framework for complex climate change risk assessment. *One Earth, 4*(4), 489-501.
Shi, Y., Zhai, G., Xu, L., Zhou, S., Lu, Y., Liu, H., & Huang, W. (2021). Assessment methods of urban system resilience: From the perspective of complex adaptive system theory. *Cities, 112*, 103141.
Sköld Gustafsson, V., Andersson Granberg, T., Pilemalm, S., & Waldemarsson, M. (2024). Identifying decision support needs for emergency response to multiple natural hazards: An activity theory approach. *Natural Hazards, 120*(3), 2777-2802.
Sudmeier-Rieux, K., Arce-Mojica, T., Boehmer, H. J., Doswald, N., Emerton, L., Friess, D. A., Galvin, S., Hagenlocher, M., James, H., Laban, P., & Lacambra, C. (2021). Scientific evidence for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction. *Nature Sustainability, 4*(9), 803-810.
Sun, Z. (2023). Actionable science for wildfire. In *Actionable Science of Global Environment Change: From Big Data to Practical Research* (pp. 149-183). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Synolakis, C. E., & Karagiannis, G. M. (2024). Wildfire risk management in the era of climate change. *PNAS Nexus, 3*(5), pgae151.
Tampekis, S., Sakellariou, S., Palaiologou, P., Arabatzis, G., Kantartzis, A., Malesios, C., Stergiadou, A., Fafalis, D., & Tsiaras, E. (2023). Building wildland–urban interface zone resilience through performance-based wildfire engineering: A holistic theoretical framework. *Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 8*(3), 675-689.
Taylor, S., & Roald, L. A. (2022). A framework for risk assessment and optimal line upgrade selection to mitigate wildfire risk. *Electric Power Systems Research, 213*, 108592.
Tedim, F., Leone, V., Amraoui, M., Bouillon, C., Coughlan, M. R., Delogu, G. M., Fernandes, P. M., Ferreira, C., McCaffrey, S., McGee, T. K., & Parente, J. (2018). Defining extreme wildfire events: Difficulties, challenges, and impacts. *Fire, 1*(1), 9.
Tedim, F., Leone, V., & Xanthopoulos, G. (2016). A wildfire risk management concept based on a social-ecological approach in the European Union: Fire Smart Territory. *International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 18*, 138-153.
Thomas, A. S., Escobedo, F. J., Sloggy, M. R., & Sanchez, J. J. (2022). A burning issue: Reviewing the socio-demographic and environmental justice aspects of the wildfire literature. *PLoS ONE, 17*(7), e0271019.
Thompson, M. P., Wei, Y., Calkin, D. E., O’Connor, C. D., Dunn, C. J., Anderson, N. M., & Hogland, J. S. (2019). Risk management and analytics in wildfire response. Current Forestry Reports, 5, 226-239.
Thompson, M. P., MacGregor, D. G., & Calkin, D. (2016). Risk management: Core principles and practices, and their relevance to wildland fire. *Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-350*. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescountycalifornia/PST045224
Varga, K., Jones, C., Trugman, A., Carvalho, L. M., McLoughlin, N., Seto, D., Thompson, C., & Daum, K. (2022). Megafires in a warming world: What wildfire risk factors led to California’s largest recorded wildfire? *Fire, 5*(1), 16.
Varshney, K., Makleff, S., Krishna, R. N., Romero, L., Willems, J., Wickes, R., & Fisher, J. (2023). Mental health of vulnerable groups experiencing a drought or bushfire: A systematic review. *Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 10*, e24.
Vylund, L., Jacobsson, J., Frykmer, T., & Eriksson, K. (2024). Improving complex problem-solving in emergency response: A study of the fire and rescue service in Sweden. *International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 15*(6), 867-878.
Weyand, M. P. (2025). Continuity of operations planning: Enhancing the operational resilience of the Olathe Fire Department.
Williams, A. P., et al. (2019). Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California. *Earth’s Future, 7*(892-910).
Wu, C., Venevsky, S., Sitch, S., Mercado, L. M., Huntingford, C., & Staver, A. C. (2021). Historical and future global burned area with changing climate and human demography. *One Earth, 4*(4), 517-530.
Wunder, S., Calkin, D. E., Charlton, V., Feder, S., de Arano, I. M., Moore, P., y Silva, F. R., & Tacconi, L. (2021). Resilient landscapes to prevent catastrophic forest fires: Socioeconomic insights towards a new paradigm. *Forest Policy and Economics, 128*, 102458.
Wu, J., & Lyu, S. (2024). Public participation in wildfire rescue and management: A case study from Chongqing, China. *Fire, 7*(9), 300.
Zacharakis, I., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2023). Integrated wildfire danger models and factors: A review. *Science of the Total Environment, 859